ZDVYZHIVKA, Ukraine (AP) 鈥� The carnage left by Russian soldiers on the road to Kyiv wasn鈥檛 random. It was strategic brutality, perpetrated in areas that were under tight Russian control where military officers 鈥� including one of Russian President Vladimir Putin鈥檚 top generals accused of war crimes in Syria 鈥� were present, by The Associated Press and the PBS series 鈥淔rontline鈥� found.
Troops moving down from Belarus toward Kyiv had been ordered to block and destroy 鈥渘ationalist resistance,鈥� according to the Royal United Services Institute, a London think tank that has reviewed copies of Russia鈥檚 battle plans. Soldiers used lists compiled by Russian intelligence and conducted 鈥渮achistki鈥� 鈥� cleansing operations 鈥� sweeping neighborhoods to identify and neutralize anyone who might pose a threat.
The man in charge of this front of the war was Col. Gen. Alexander Chaiko, who earned a global reputation for brutality as leader of Russia鈥檚 forces in Syria.
鈥淭hose orders were written at Chaiko鈥檚 level. So he would have seen them and signed up for them,鈥� said Jack Watling, a senior research fellow at RUSI who shared the battle plans with the AP.
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This story is part of an AP/FRONTLINE investigation that includes the interactive experience and the documentary on PBS.
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While there is nothing necessarily illegal about that order, it was often implemented with flagrant disregard for the laws of war as Russian troops seized territories across Ukraine.
Witnesses and survivors in Bucha, as well as Ozera, Babyntsi and Zdvyzhivka 鈥� all places under Chaiko鈥檚 command 鈥� told the AP and 鈥淔rontline鈥� that Russian soldiers tortured and killed people on the slightest suspicion they might be helping the Ukrainian military. Sweeps intensified after Russian positions were hit with precision, interviews and video show, and soldiers, in intercepted phone calls obtained by the AP, told their loved ones that they鈥檇 been ordered to take a no-mercy approach to suspected informants.
Ukraine has indicted Chaiko for the broad crime of aggression 鈥� that is waging an illegal war on their territory. But it will take more specific evidence to land him in international court. Prosecutors would have to show that he played a key role in implementing illegal policies of the Russian Federation or should have known what his troops were doing and was in a position to stop, or punish, their behavior.
For now, Chaiko 鈥� a man implicated in some of the worst atrocities in both Syria and Ukraine 鈥� is still leading troops, once again as commander of Russia鈥檚 forces in Syria.
Here are four takeaways from the investigation:
MOM, I AM KILLING CIVILIANS
Russian soldiers openly discussed atrocities against civilians during phone calls with their mothers, wives and friends that the Ukrainian government intercepted near Kyiv.
On March 21, a soldier named Vadim told his mother: 鈥淲e have the order to take phones from everyone and those who resist 鈥� in short 鈥� to hell with the f------.鈥�
鈥淲e have the order: It does not matter whether they鈥檙e civilians or not. Kill everyone.鈥�
The slightest movement of a curtain in a window 鈥� a possible sign of a spotter or a gunman 鈥� justified slamming an apartment block with lethal artillery. Ukrainians who confessed to passing along Russian troop coordinates were summarily executed, including teenagers, soldiers said.
鈥淲e have the order not to take prisoners of war but to shoot them all dead directly,鈥� a soldier nicknamed Lyonya said in a March 14 phone call.
鈥淭here was a boy, 18 years old, taken prisoner. First, they shot through his leg with a machine gun, then he got his ears cut off. He admitted to everything and was shot dead,鈥� Lyonya told his mom. 鈥淲e do not take prisoners. Meaning, we don鈥檛 leave anyone alive.鈥�
The Dossier Center, a London-based investigative group funded by Russian opposition figure Mikhail Khodorkovsky, verified the identity of the soldiers who made those calls.
IN CHARGE OF THE CARNAGE IN BUCHA
Ukrainian prosecutors say that a unit under Chaiko鈥檚 command 鈥� the 76th Guards Airborne Assault Division 鈥� participated in a lethal cleansing operation on March 4 along Yablunska street, the deadliest road in occupied Bucha and the site of an important Russian command center.
In June, the U.S. State Department sanctioned the division and its 234th Guards Airborne Assault Regiment, as well as the 64th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade, for atrocities in Bucha.
Those units were all under the ultimate command of Chaiko during the early weeks of the invasion, Ukrainian authorities told AP.
NOT THE WORK OF ROGUE SOLDIERS
Russians transformed the village of Zdvyzhivka, an hour north of Kyiv, into a major forward operating base for their assault on the capital. From March 20 to March 31, Chaiko commanded the assault on Kyiv from this village. He was spotted about a kilometer (less than a mile) down a tightly controlled road around the same time as five men were tortured and killed in the garden of a house frequented by Russian officers. The transport of tied-up civilians to that house happened more than once, in broad daylight, within the security structures set up by the occupying forces, eyewitnesses said.
KEEPING THE BOSS HAPPY
There鈥檚 no sign Chaiko disapproved of what his troops were doing. Russia鈥檚 Ministry of Defense released a video of the general pinning medals on soldiers in Ukraine. 鈥淎ll units, all divisions are acting the way they were taught,鈥� he said in the March 24 video. 鈥淭hey are doing everything right. I am proud of them.鈥�
There is also no sign Moscow has sanctioned Chaiko for the very public atrocities committed on his watch. Instead, Putin praised Chaiko for his actions in Syria, awarding him the title 鈥淗ero of Russia鈥� in 2020 and promoting him to colonel general in June 2021.
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鈥淔rontline鈥� producers Tom Jennings and Annie Wong, co-producer Taras Lazer and AP reporters James LaPorta, Oleksandr Stashevskyi, Richard Lardner, Janine Graham and Solomiia Hera contributed to this report.
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To contact AP鈥檚 investigations team, email [email protected]
Erika Kinetz, The Associated Press
