have effects on communities that are felt long after the day's tragedy. School shootings in particular can have physical, emotional and behavioral effects on kids 鈥� even if the shooting occurred on the other side of the country.
Exposure to school shootings, even if indirectly, is shown to disrupt people鈥檚 sense of safety and stability, said Sonali Rajan, professor at Columbia University, who studies firearm-related harms on children.
Talking about it can help.
Parents aren't alone in this task. Many health experts, including psychologists and grief counselors, remind people there are resources to support students鈥� mental and emotional health as they grieve and process.
Here's how they say families should address traumatic experiences with their kids.
Don't avoid the conversation
It takes time to process emotions, regardless of age, so adults should start by taking care of themselves. That said, experts encourage parents to have conversations with their children and not avoid the topic, if kids indicate a willingness to talk about it.
鈥淚f they are not hearing about it from you as their parent, they will hear about it from their friends at school,鈥� says Emilie Ney鈥嬧�嬧�嬧��, director of professional development at the National Association of School Psychologists.
It's OK for caregivers to say they don鈥檛 have all the answers and not force the conversation, according to guidance from . Being available and patient is key.
This isn't just a job for parents and guardians. All adults should remember to be available for the kids in their life. After all, not all children have trusted adults they can speak with, said Crystal Garrant, chief program officer at Sandy Hook Promise, a nonprofit group that works to prevent suicides and mass shootings.
For instance, she said, adults who work in before-school or after-school programs should ask the kids in their care open-ended questions, do community-building activities or provide kids with other opportunities to share openly. They may not have the opportunity to do so otherwise.
Tailor the talk to the child's age
How much children are able to understand a situation will depend on their age and development, Ney said.
鈥淭here is no specific age target for these conversations,鈥� said Garrant, who has a 9-year-old daughter. 鈥淏ut make sure that younger children understand the word that you鈥檙e using. When we say safety, what does it mean to feel safe? How does it feel in your body? What does it sound like when you鈥檙e not safe?鈥�
Some children may have to traumatic events, such as anxiety, nightmares or difficulty concentrating.
Younger children need simple information and reassurances their schools and homes are safe, guidance from notes. Older children have a deeper capacity for understanding and could benefit from hearing about what agency they might have to keep themselves safe.
Validate big feelings about school shootings
Recognizing, acknowledging and validating children's emotions are key, said Beverly Warnock, executive director of the National Organization of Parents of Murdered Children based in Cincinnati.
鈥淵ou need to get those feelings out and be honest," she said. "Don鈥檛 try to squash the feelings or not talk about it. It鈥檚 something that will be with you for the rest of your life.鈥�
The process of navigating emotions after a shooting can be confusing and frustrating for people, Ney said.
鈥淭he stages of grief are not necessarily sequential. People may go in and out of the various different phases, and it may be that it doesn鈥檛 really hit someone until a week later," Ney said.
Psychologists hope to reassure people their feelings are normal and they don't have to pretend they are unaffected.
鈥淓ven if you didn鈥檛 know anyone involved, even if they were very far away from you, it is okay to grieve,鈥� Ney said. 鈥淚t shows that you care about others.鈥�
After acknowledging the emotional response, Warnock said, there is comfort in knowing life goes on.
鈥淵ou will find a coping skill, and you will be able to enjoy life again,鈥� she said. 鈥淵ou may not feel that way now, but it does happen. It鈥檚 just going to take some time."
If you need more help
If you or someone you know are experiencing distress because of a mass shooting, you can call the 24/7 National Disaster Distress Helpline. The number is 1-800-985-5990, and Spanish speakers can press 鈥�2鈥� for bilingual support. To connect directly to a crisis counselor in American Sign Language, call 1-800-985-5990 from your videophone.
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The Associated Press鈥� education coverage receives financial support from multiple private foundations. AP is solely responsible for all content. Find AP鈥檚 for working with philanthropies, a of supporters and funded coverage areas at AP.org.
Cheyanne Mumphrey, The Associated Press
