CHIPINGE, Zimbabwe (AP) 鈥� Gertrude Siduna appears to have little appetite for corn farming season.
Rather than prepare her land in Zimbabwe鈥檚 arid southeastern Chipinge district for the crop that has fed her family for generations, the 49-year-old 鈥� bitter at repeated droughts that have decimated yields 鈥� turns her thoughts to the prices and farming techniques of chilies.
鈥淚 pick my chilies from the fields and take them to the processing center close to my home. It鈥檚 simple," she said. She's received about $400 from the drought-resistant crop, and plans to grow some more. 鈥淐hilies are far better than corn.鈥�
Siduna has been growing chilies for a year since being trained under a climate-smart agriculture program funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development. The program was designed to strengthen small-scale farmers' resilience to climate change-induced droughts, many requiring food assistance from the government or international donors. But as climate change worsens droughts and floods worldwide, government agencies and local operators have found that aid efforts can still be made more effective and financially sustainable.
Experts say rich nations like the United States, which have been the biggest contributors of planet-warming emissions historically, have a responsibility to fund humanitarian aid in the countries that are experiencing its effects first and most severely.
The U.S. is the world鈥檚 largest international donor of food aid, reaching over 60 million people in about 70 countries annually with direct contributions of food or via programs to help farmers adapt to extreme weather. USAID plans to mobilize $150 billion for climate-related initiatives,
In Zimbabwe, around 7.7 million people or almost half the country鈥檚 population require food assistance, according to government and United Nations figures. Frequent droughts are decimating people鈥檚 ability to feed themselves, a phenomenon worsened by .
Switching from corn to chilies and millets
Water-guzzling white corn has been the staple crop of choice for rural farmers in Zimbabwe since its introduction to much of sub-Saharan Africa by the Portuguese in the 17th century.
But with the threat of drought, some, like Siduna, now think it may be better to buy the staple than grow it.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 lack corn meal, I just use my earnings from chilies to buy it from the local shops,鈥� she said.
Unlike corn or other crops that she has typically grown, chilies do well in the hotter, drier conditions. And, because they end up in stores in the United States, they offer cash rewards.
鈥淵ou have to continuously pray for the rain if you grow corn," said the mother of three. 鈥淭he crop just can鈥檛 stand heat. But chilies can. One is assured of a harvest, and the market is readily available.鈥�
Other crops , a cereal tolerant of poor soils, drought and harsh growing conditions, are also gaining traction under climate resilience programs.
In Chiredzi, southeast Zimbabwe, 54-year-old Kenias Chikamhi describes growing corn as 鈥渁 gamble ... whereas with millets you have a good chance of at least getting something.鈥� Millet was the country鈥檚 staple before the introduction of maize.
But not all the corn is gone yet. Zimbabwe's agriculture ministry says it plans to increase land under maize to 1.8 million hectares (4.4 million acres) by using farming techniques such as digging holes into dry land and mulching to cover the growing crops as well as by planting drought resilient varieties that can better cope with the lack of rain.
The country harvested about 700,000 tons of corn this year, 70% down from the season before and far short of the 2 million tons required annually for humans and livestock.
Solar-powered irrigation as rivers dry
Farming techniques are also changing.
Another of USAID's initiatives has seen a community garden in Mutandahwe village, where Siduna lives, irrigated by three small solar panels. The panels pump water from a borehole into storage tanks that are connected to the garden taps by pipes, turning the 1-hectare plot of vegetables like onions, leaf cabbage and cow peas into an island of lush green.
Solar-powered community gardens have been spreading across the district and much of the country鈥檚 dry areas.
鈥淲e were struggling walking long distances to fetch water from rivers, and right now the rivers are dry," said Muchaneta Mutowa, secretary of the plot. The plot is shared by 60 members, each growing vegetables they can eat and sell.
鈥淲e now have easy access to reliable water that flows from the taps (and) we don鈥檛 pay for the sun,鈥� she said. And money from the sale of vegetables goes a long way to pay for family basics such as school fees.
Members pay a dollar each into a savings pot that can be used to lend each other for a small interest or pay for minor repairs 鈥渟o that we are not always reliant on the donor,鈥� said Mutohwa.
Working to make food aid programs more effective
Because USAID's investments can be so consequential for receiving countries, it's important they're done right, said Lora Iannotti, a professor who studies global maternal and youth nutrition at the Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis.
Richer countries like the U.S. have tended to use direct donations of surplus staple and commodity crops like corn and wheat as a way to benefit their own farmers, according to Iannotti鈥檚 research.
Iannotti has seen advances in food aid considering dietary variety, but thinks there鈥檚 room for improvement. Undernourishment became more prevalent after the COVID-19 pandemic, and climate change is making hunger a more pressing issue than ever, with crises that resemble 鈥渟tuff from 100 years ago,鈥� she said.
Daniel Maxwell, a professor of food security at Tufts University, thinks countries providing aid also need strategies to address problems "causing the hunger in the first place,鈥� whether that's climate change, war or other factors. He also thinks countries need a more balanced approach including projects promoting health, protection from violence or nutrition.
USAID and the U.S. Department of Agriculture haven't yet explained how food aid efforts might be changed or altered by the incoming U.S. administration, but the delay on renewing expired Farm Bill legislation does hold up USDA programming including food aid projects in a variety of ways, said Alexis Taylor, undersecretary of trade and foreign agricultural affairs at USDA.
The U.S. Government Accountability Office, the investigative arm of Congress, finding that USAID and its partner agencies needed to improve the ways they measured the outcomes of their programs.
USAID says they worked with the GAO to address its recommendations. The GAO has closed six of the eight recommendations, indicating satisfactory response. The two remaining recommendations will be resolved with the release of the latest Global Food Security Strategy Implementation Plan in October, a spokesperson for USAID said.
鈥淲e are committing a lot of U.S. taxpayer dollars," said Chelsa Kenney, the GAO鈥檚 director for international affairs issues. 鈥淚t鈥檚 important that we鈥檙e good stewards of those taxpayer dollars to ensure that the kind of programming that we are providing to these countries is really making a difference.鈥�
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Follow Farai Mutsaka on X at @MutsakaFarai. Follow Melina Walling at @MelinaWalling.
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The Associated Press鈥� climate and environmental coverage receives financial support from multiple private foundations, including for global health and development coverage in Africa from the Gates Foundation. AP is solely responsible for all content. Find AP鈥檚 for working with philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at .
Farai Mutsaka And Melina Walling, The Associated Press
